science

Women's Interagency HIV Study

Women's Interagency HIV Study is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Women's Interagency HIV Study rather than just read about it. In short: The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) was established in August 1993 to investigate the impact and progression of HIV disease in women. The WIHS enrolls both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women.

Key takeaways

Women's Interagency HIV Study belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Women's Interagency HIV Study to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Women's Interagency HIV Study from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) was established in August 1993 to investigate the impact and progression of HIV disease in women. The WIHS enrolls both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. The core portion of the study includes a detailed and structured interview, physical and gynecologic examination, and laboratory testing. The WIHS participants are also asked to enroll in various sub-studies, such as cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and neurocognition. New proposals for WIHS sub-studies are submitted for approval by various scientific investigators from around the world.

Funding The WIHS is funded primarily by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), with additional co-funding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the National Institute on Mental Health (NIMH). Targeted supplemental funding for specific projects is also provided by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), the National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), and the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH). WIHS data collection is also supported by UL1-TR000004 (UCSF CTSA) and UL1-TR000454 (Atlanta CTSA).

Clinical sites WIHS clinical sites are located in and around 10 cities in the United States. Each is headed by one or more Principal Investigators.

Atlanta, Georgia (Igho Ofotokun, Gina Wingood) Birmingham, Alabama (Michael Saag, Mirjam-Colette Kempf) Bronx, New York (Kathryn Anastos) Brooklyn, New York (Howard Minkoff, Deborah Gustafson) Chapel Hill, North Carolina (Ada Adimora) Chicago, Illinois (Mardge Cohen) Jackson, Mississippi (Deborah Konkle-Parker) Miami, Florida (Margaret Fischl, Lisa Metsch) San Francisco, California (Ruth Greenblatt, Bradley Aouizerat, Phyllis Tien) Washington, DC (Seble Kassaye) In addition, the WIHS Data Management and Analysis Center (Stephen Gange, Elizabeth Topper) is located in Baltimore, MD. Each consortium is affiliated with local research institutes to see study participants. Each also has its own Community Advisory Board.

Recruitment WIHS was funded in five cycles:

WIHS I: November 1, 1992 – October 31, 1997 WIHS II: November 1, 1997 – October 31, 2002 WIHS III: November 1, 2002 – December 31, 2007 WIHS IV: January 1, 2008 – December 31, 2012 WIHS V: January 1, 2013 - December 31, 2017 Initial enrollment into the WIHS occurred between October 1994 and November 1995. The total initial enrollment for the WIHS was 2,056 HIV-positive women and 569 HIV-negative women. Since WIHS recruited its initial population, several new trends developed as the HIV epidemic evolved, all of which argued for an expansion of the WIHS cohort. First, despite careful follow-up of the cohort, the inevitable course of illness and time had led to attrition and death. Additionally, increased sample sizes were needed because the effectiveness and consequences of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) added new strata to many key analyses, and decreased the incidence of clinical outcomes. And finally, as the original cohort continued to age, it became less able to support studies of risk behaviors, sexually transmitted diseases, and reproductive function. Thus, WIHS funding was augmented in 2001 to empower the study to efficiently and precisely meet the study's specific aims through the recruitment of additional women. Total enrollment in 2001-02 (WIHS visits 15 and 16) was 738 HIV-positive and 403 HIV-negative participants. Beginning in January 2011, the WIHS opened enrollment again, in order to replace those women who had died during WIHS III and WIHS IV. Total enrollment in 2011-12 (WIHS visits 35-37) was 276 HIV-positive and 95 HIV-negative participants. In the summer of 2013, the WIHS began enrolling approximately 800 women from the WIHS Southern sites (Atlanta, GA; Chapel Hill, NC; Miami, FL; Birmingham, AL; Jackson, MS). All potential study participants underwent an initial screening to determine study eligibility. If the woman was willing to take part in the study and gave informed consent, she participated in an in-depth interview, physical exam, and specimen collection. In 2019, the WIHS merged with the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), to form the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS).

See also Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study

References

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Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Women's Interagency HIV Study

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Women's Interagency HIV Study claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Women's Interagency HIV Study before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Women's Interagency HIV Study ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Women's Interagency HIV Study

In research: Women's Interagency HIV Study appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Women's Interagency HIV Study in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Women's Interagency HIV Study is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1993 establishments in the United States, Clinical trials related to HIV, Cohort studies, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Women's Interagency HIV Study outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Women's Interagency HIV Study in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Women's Interagency HIV Study means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Women's Interagency HIV Study out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Women's Interagency HIV Study in simple terms?

The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) was established in August 1993 to investigate the impact and progression of HIV disease in women. The WIHS enrolls both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women.

Why does Women's Interagency HIV Study matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Women's Interagency HIV Study?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Women's Interagency HIV Study.