X/1106 C1, also known as the Great Comet of 1106, was a comet that appeared on 2 February 1106, and was observed around the world from the beginning of February through to mid-March. It was recorded by astronomers in Wales, England, Japan, Korea, China, continental Europe, and Egypt. It was observed to split into many pieces, forming the Great Comet of 1843 and several other small sungrazing comets observed by the SOHO space telescope. It is a member of the Kreutz Group, known as Subfragment I, a split from an earlier large (~150 km) comet that progressively fragmented under the influence of the Sun, possibly the Great Comet of 371 BC.
Observations
Britain A brief note in the Welsh manuscript known as the Brut y Tywysogion reads:
[-1106]. In that year there was seen a star wonderful to behold, throwing out behind it a beam of light of the thickness of a pillar in size and of exceeding brightness, foreboding what would come to pass in the future: for Henry, emperor of Rome, after mighty victories and a most pious life in Christ, went to his rest. And his son, after winning the seat of the empire of Rome, was made emperor. The 1106 annal of the Peterborough Chronicle describes the comet. The Dorothy Whitlock translation reads:
In the first week of Lent, on the Friday, 16 February, in the evening, there appeared an unusual star, and for a long time after that it was seen shining a while every evening. This star appeared in the south-west; it seemed small and dark. The ray that shone from it, however, was very bright, and seemed to be like an immense beam shining north-east; and one evening it appeared as if this beam were forking into many rays toward the star from an opposite direction.
Japan Fujiwara no Munetada, a Kugyō in Heian period, kept a diary today known as Chūyūki from 1087 to 1138. The comet appears intermittently in the diary entries from 1106 (Kajō 1) 4 to 27 January in lunisolar calendar (9 February to 4 March in Julian):
The comet also recorded in other chronicles in later years, including Sankaiki (late 12c) and Hyakurenshō (end of 13c). Famous chronicles Dainihonshi and Dai Nihon Shiryō cites these references.
China An excerpt from a Chinese manuscript describes the following report of a comet in 1106, mentioning the comet's breakup after perihelion, dated 10 February:
In the reign of Hwuy Tsung, the 5th year of the epoch of Tsung Ning, the 1st moon [February], day Woo Seuh (Feb. 10th), a comet appeared in the west. It was like a great Pei Kow. The luminous envelope was scattered. It appeared like a broken-up star. It was 60 [degrees] in length and was 3 [degrees] in breadth. Its direction was to the north-east. It passed S.D. Kwei (southern Andromeda/northern Pisces). It passed S.D. Lew (Southern Aries), Wei (Pegasus), Maou, and Peih (Taurus). It then entered into the clouds and was no more seen.
Vietnam The Vietnamese Annals Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư also recorded the comet event:
"Bính Tuất, năm thứ 6 mùa xuân, tháng giêng, sao chổi mọc ở phương Tây đuôi dài khắp nơi."(At year Binh Tuat (Fire Dog), in spring January, there is a comet in the West with long radiant tail)
Egypt The historian Ibn Aybak Al-Dawadari recorded the comet in his chronicle, Kanz al-Durar wa Jami' Al-Gurar (in 497 AH / 1106 AD)وفيها ظهر كوكب عظيم بالشرق أبيض كأنّه القمر، له ذؤآبة من شرقيّه، تقدير طولها مئة وخمسين ذراعا، وله شعاع وضوء كالقمر الزاهر، وأقام يتردّد مدّة أيّام وليال. وكان إذا كان مع القمر يظنّ الناس أنّهما قمران، لولا ما فضل القمر بذؤآبته، وكان من الأعاجيب السمائية And during that time, a great star appeared in the east, white as the moon, with a tail extending eastward, estimated to be one hundred and fifty cubits long. It radiated light and brilliance like a shining moon, and it lingered for several days and nights. When it was near the moon, people thought there were two moons, were it not for the tail distinguishing the celestial body from the moon. It was among the heavenly wonders.
Others Sigebert of Gembloux mentions it in his Chronicon sive Chronographia (pub. 1111). Alexiad (1148) Anales Toledanos I (c. 1219) Liber de Significatione Cometarum (c. 1238) Wenxian Tongkao (文獻通考) (1308) History of Song (宋史) (1345) Xu Tongjian Gangmu (續通鑒綱目) (1476) Dainihonshi (大日本史) (1715)
Resources Thomas Jones, Brut y Tywysogion, or, the Chronicle of the Princes: Red Book of Hergest version, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1955. Comet X/1106 C1: Publication der Sternwarte in Kiel, No. 6, pp. 1–66, and AN 238 (1930 Jun 5), pp. 403–4
Notes
References
Sources Historic astronomical observations in Wales Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine SOHO-620: A Comet on the Right(hand) Track
