biology

Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi

Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi rather than just read about it. In short: Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi (Persian: ذخیرهٔ خوارزمشاهی Zakhīra-i Khwârazmshâhī, "Treasure Dedicated to the King of Khwarazm" or Treasure of Khwarazmshah), is a Persian medical encyclopedia written by the Persian physician, Ismail Gorgani (1040-1136) in 1110. Status This Persian medical book is equal in prestige to the famous medical book by Avicenna, which is considered a medical canon.

Key takeaways

Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi (Persian: ذخیرهٔ خوارزمشاهی Zakhīra-i Khwârazmshâhī, "Treasure Dedicated to the King of Khwarazm" or Treasure of Khwarazmshah), is a Persian medical encyclopedia written by the Persian physician, Ismail Gorgani (1040-1136) in 1110.

Status This Persian medical book is equal in prestige to the famous medical book by Avicenna, which is considered a medical canon. Although the book of Zakhirah-i Khvarazm'Shahi is written in Persian it contains a few Arabic words. The book builds upon works by Avicenna, Akhaveiny, and other doctors of traditional medicine written in the fifth century or before. This Iranian traditional medicinal book has been translated into other languages such as Turkish, Urdu, and Hebrew, and by the author himself into Arabic. After writing this encyclopedic book, Gorgani wrote Khafi Alayee as a contraction of it.

Provenance At five places in the volume (fols. 75a, 76a, 95a, 98b, and 162b), a later hand in a fine calligraphic script has repeated the following statement: "The owner and possessor of this medical book called Jawahir al-maqal is Khamrah Aghā ibn Rustum ibn Muḥammad Aghā ibn Khiḍr Aghā ibn Mīr Khamrah ibn Mīr Mīzā ibn Aḥmad Beg, in the year 1211 [= 1796–7]." An owner's stamp accompanies these inscriptions. Schullian/Sommer (Cat. of incun. & MSS., p. 338) initially interpreted this name as that of the compiler of the collection, however, the inscription clearly indicates that this is the name of a later owner. The volume was acquired in 1941 by the Army Medical Library from A.S. Yahuda, who had obtained it in Ebril in northern Iraq (ELS 1685 med 45).

Contents Zakhira-i Khvarazm'Shahi contains 10 chapters and a preface. The preface describes the ecology of the Khorezm and the foods and nutrition of the people of the Khorezm (now called Khorasan). Chapter one is about the importance of medicine, human anatomy, and general pathophysiology. Chapter two is related to symptoms and signs of the diseases and methods of treatment, sphygmology ("sphygmo" in Greek means pulse), and any liquid material excreted from the body (such as sweat and urine). Chapter three is about the water and weather, nutrition, exercise, emotions, sleep and wakefulness, and methods of treatment for children and the elderly. Chapter four is about the differential diagnoses and course of diseases. Chapter five defines fever categories and natural moisture and its relation with fever. In chapter six, he writes about treatment of any diseases that relate to the head, cervix, and the upper and lower limbs and trunk. In chapter seven of his book, he writes about methods of treatment of different types of wounds, inflammations, oncology, burns by hot water, hot oil and fire, cauterization, and orthopedics. Chapter eight is about diseases that relate to the integument system such as general dermatology, hair pathology, fatness, weight loss and methods of treatment of it. Chapter nine contain topic about the toxins, drugs, animal bites and rabidity, and insects stings. Finally in chapter ten, he writes about the classification of drugs and basic pharmacology, drugs for the ear, eye, nose and mouth, epilepsy, stroke, and pharmacological terminology.

References

General references Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Khalili, Majid; Khodadoost, Kazem; Loukas, Marios; Cohen-Gadol, Aaron A. (2010). "Esmail Jorjani (1042–1137) and His Descriptions of Trigeminal Neuralgia, Hemifacial Spasm, and Bell's Palsy". Neurosurgery. 67 (2): 431–434. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000372088.18260.B1. PMID 20644430. Hosseini, Seyed Fazel; Alakbarli, Farid; Ghabili, Kamyar; Shoja, Mohammadali M. (2011). "Hakim Esmail Jorjani (1042–1137 ad): Persian physician and jurist". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 284 (3): 647–650. doi:10.1007/s00404-010-1707-7. PMID 20931210. S2CID 2681493. Ashtiyani, S. C.; Zarei, A.; Elahipour, M. (2009). "Innovations and discoveries of Jorjani in medicine". Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 2: 16. PMC 3713907. PMID 23908730. Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Tubbs, R. Shane (2007). "The history of anatomy in Persia". Journal of Anatomy. 210 (4): 359–378. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00711.x. PMC 2100290. PMID 17428200. Ardekani, Mohammad Reza Shams; Moatar, Fariborz (2005). "A Research Conducted on the Life and Works of Hakim Sayyid Esmail Jurjani". Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. 4 (7): 2.

External links

http://www.wdl.org/en/item/10608/ Hatami, H (2012). "Healthy Ageing in Iranian Traditional Medicine's Resources in the Occasion of the World Health Day 2012". International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 3 (4): 227–9. PMC 3354391. PMID 22624078.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi

In research: Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 12th-century Persian books, Iranian books, Medical works of medieval Iran, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi in simple terms?

Why does Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi.