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Zinc finger protein 229

Zinc finger protein 229 is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Zinc finger protein 229 rather than just read about it. In short: Zinc finger protein 229 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF229 gene. The ZNF229 gene is involved in regulating transcription as it can bind to DNA, either inhibiting or promoting transcription.

Zinc finger protein 229 — main illustration
Zinc finger protein 229 — illustration

Key takeaways

  • Zinc finger protein 229 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
  • Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
  • Connect Zinc finger protein 229 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
  • Reproduce the core statement of Zinc finger protein 229 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Zinc finger protein 229 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF229 gene. The ZNF229 gene is involved in regulating transcription as it can bind to DNA, either inhibiting or promoting transcription.

Gene This gene is located on chromosome 19 (19p13.31) spanning 22,219 base pairs on the minus strand of DNA. There are 6 exons in total.

RNA The longest isoform (transcript variant 1) of the ZNF229 gene has an mRNA transcript length of 4,956 nucleotides, which encode 7 exons. There is one other isoform, transcription variant 2, which differs in the 5' UTR region and at the end of exon 5. This isoform has 4,832 nucleotides and is slightly shorter than isoform 1.

Protein Transcription variant 1 of ZNF229 encodes a protein that is 825 amino acids in length. Isoform 2 of ZNF229 encodes a protein made up of 819 amino acids that does not include the last 6 amino acids of exon 5 that are observed in isoform 1. The molecular weight is approximately 93 kDa and the isoelectric point is 8.88 pH. The zinc finger protein 229 has a Kruppel-associated box domain (KRAB) at the N-terminus and 17 C2H2 domains (20 amino acids long) at the C-terminus. The KRAB domain is important for transcription repression of ZNF229. In the C2H2 zinc finger domains, there are two cysteines at the beginning and two histidines at the end that allow the protein to bind to the metal zinc ion. This bond with zinc stabilizes the protein's secondary structure as they form two beta sheets and an alpha helix. As observed in other zinc fingers, the alpha helix can then bind to DNA in the major groove, allowing the protein to regulate transcription.

Gene level regulation The ZNF229 gene is mainly expressed in the thyroid, ovaries, and brain in adult humans. ZNF229 is ubiquitously expressed in human fetal development.

Protein level regulation ZNF229 does not have a transmembrane domain or signal sequence. Most zinc fingers are found in the nucleus, but ZNF229 was found to be in vesicles of human cells in one antibody study. There are other cases of zinc fingers being found outside the nucleus like ZFP36 and TNFAIP3.

Paralogs The Zinc Finger Protein family is large and the human ZNF229 protein has many paralogs. These are 5 paralogs of ZNF229 that range in identity from 46-52%.

Orthologs There are orthologs of the ZNF229 human gene found in nearly all life forms. Some ortholog groups include mammals (identity of 45%), reptiles (42-46%), birds (52-56%), fish (47-54%), invertebrates (39-54%), fungi (46-55%), plants (31-39%), and bacteria (34-51%). ZNF229 did not have any significant orthologs in archaea.

Interacting Proteins The TRIM28 protein is predicted to bind to ZNF229 based an affinity capture-MS experiment; this is logical as TRIM28 binds to the KRAB domain, which ZNF229 contains, and acts as a corepressor.

Clinical Significance From GEO Profiles, a study that examined gene expression in estrogen receptor alpha-silenced MCF7 breast cancer cell lines and normal MCF7 cell line found that ZNF229 was expressed at low levels. There is a predicted transcription factor, SREBF2, found upstream of the ZNF229 gene where estrogen regulates the expression of this transcription factor.

References

Illustrations

Zinc finger protein 229 illustration
Zinc finger protein 229 illustration
Zinc finger protein 229: This ortholog table for the human ZNF229 protein is first sorted by date of divergence, then sequence identity, and finally sequence similarity to the human ZNF229 protein.
This ortholog table for the human ZNF229 protein is first sorted by date of divergence, then sequence identity, and finally sequence similarity to the human ZNF229 protein.
Zinc finger protein 229: Graph of the mutation rate of the human ZNF229 gene over 1400 million years as compared to the human genes, cytochrome c and the fibrinogen alpha. The human ZNF229 gene has a similar evolution rate as the human fibrinogen alpha gene, which is considered to have a relatively faster rate of evolution compared to other genes in the human genome.[18]
Graph of the mutation rate of the human ZNF229 gene over 1400 million years as compared to the human genes, cytochrome c and the fibrinogen alpha. The human ZNF229 gene has a similar evolution rate as the human fibrinogen alpha gene, which is considered to have a relatively faster rate of evolution compared to other genes in the human genome.[18]

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Zinc finger protein 229

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Zinc finger protein 229 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Zinc finger protein 229 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Zinc finger protein 229 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Zinc finger protein 229

In research
Zinc finger protein 229 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry
Engineering practice reuses Zinc finger protein 229 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom
Zinc finger protein 229 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 19, Human chromosome 19 gene stubs, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life
Look for Zinc finger protein 229 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.
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How to study Zinc finger protein 229 in 20 minutes

  1. Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
  2. Close the page and write down what Zinc finger protein 229 means in your own words.
  3. Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
  4. Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
  5. Explain Zinc finger protein 229 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Zinc finger protein 229 in simple terms?

Zinc finger protein 229 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF229 gene. The ZNF229 gene is involved in regulating transcription as it can bind to DNA, either inhibiting or promoting transcription.

Why does Zinc finger protein 229 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Zinc finger protein 229?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Zinc finger protein 229.

Tags

  • Genes on human chromosome 19
  • Human chromosome 19 gene stubs

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